石化企业气体泄漏红外成像检测技术研究进展

介绍了气体泄漏红外成像检测技术的工作原理和分类,综述了国内外相关单位的研究进展,重点分析了国外公司对被动式红外成像检测技术的研究情况,并对技术的发展方向进行了展望。     

某地加油站土壤地下水现状调查与分析

通过对某地10个加油站所在场地土壤及地下水现场采样、实验室检测,分析加油站对土壤与地下水污染原因,结合国家政策法规以及加油站土壤地下水调查现状,针对加油站污染状况提出加强加油站土壤及地下水污染隐患排查力度、强化加油站土壤地下水方面日常管理、污染加油站风险管控及修复工作、加快推进防渗池及双层罐等设施改造工作等建议。     

低浓度CS2废气的光降解研究及工艺设计

利用185～253．7nm紫外光联合降解低浓度二硫化碳废气。结果表明，在一定的气体浓度、流速以及湿度下，该技术能够有效降解二硫化碳使其浓度低于人的嗅阈值，同时研究也发现，该技术对苯乙烯和甲苯二甲苯等有机废气也有同样的处理效果，具有很好的工业化应用前景。     

Chemical characterization and source apportionment of atmospheric submicron particles on the western coast of Taiwan Strait, China

Taiwan Strait is a special channel for subtropical East Asian Monsoon and its western coast is an important economic zone in China. In this study, a suburban site in the city of Xiamen on the western coast of Taiwan Strait was selected for fine aerosol study to improve the understanding of air pollution sources in this region. An Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer(HR-To F-AMS) and an Aethalometer were deployed to measure fine aerosol composition with a time resolution of 5 min from May 1to 18, 2015. The average mass concentration of PM1 was 46.2 ± 26.3 μg/m~3 for the entire campaign. Organics(28.3%), sulfate(24.9%), and nitrate(20.6%) were the major components in the fine particles, followed by ammonium, black carbon(BC), and chloride. Evolution of nitrate concentration and size distribution indicated that local NOx emissions played a key role in high fine particle pollution in Xiamen. In addition, organic nitrate was found to account for 9.0%–13.8% of the total measured nitrate. Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF)conducted with high-resolution organic mass spectra dataset differentiated the organic aerosol into three components, including a hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol(HOA) and two oxygenated organic aerosols(SV-OOA and LV-OOA), which on average accounted for 27.6%,28.8%, and 43.6% of the total organic mass, respectively. The relationship between the mass concentration of submicron particle species and wind further confirmed that all major fine particle species were influenced by both strong local emissions in the southeastern area of Xiamen and regional transport through the Taiwan Strait.     

Fabrication of mesoporous lignin-based biosorbent from rice straw and its application for heavy-metal-ion removal

Lignocellulosic biomass offers the most abundant renewable resource in replacing traditional fossil resources. However, it is still a major challenge to directly convert the lignin component into value-added materials. The availability of plentiful hydroxyl groups in lignin macromolecules and its unique three-dimensional structure make it an ideal precursor for mesoporous biosorbents. In this work, we reported an environmentally friendly and economically feasible method for the fabrication of mesoporous lignin-based biosorbent (MLBB) from lignocellulosic biomass through a SO₃ micro-thermal-explosion process, as a byproduct of microcrystalline cellulose. BET analysis reveal the average pore-size distribution of 5.50 nm, the average pore value of 0.35 cm³/g, and the specific surface area of 186 m²/g. The physicochemical properties of MLBB were studied by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), attenuated-total-reflection fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and element analysis. These results showed that there are large amounts of sulfonic functional groups existing on the surface of this biosorbent. Pb(II) was used as a model heavy-metal-ion to demonstrate the technical feasibility for heavy-metal-ion removal. Considering that lignocellulosic biomass is a naturally abundant and renewable resource and SO₃ micro-thermal-explosion is a proven technique, this biosorbent can be easily produced at large scale and become a sustainable and reliable resource for wastewater treatment.     

Development and validation of abiotic ligand model for nickel toxicity to wheat (Triticum aestivum)

A terrestrial biotic ligand model (t-BLM) was developed to predict nickel toxicity to wheat (Triticum aestivum) root elongation in hydroponic solutions. The competitive effects of five major cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺ and H⁺) on Ni toxicity were investigated and Mg²⁺ was found to be a strong competitor, while H²⁺ showed less competing effect. Besides free Ni²⁺, the toxicity induced by the species NiHCO₃⁺ was non-neglect able at pH > 7 because NiHCO₃⁺ occupied a significant fraction of total Ni under such condition. Thus, a t-BLM including Ni²⁺, NiHCO₃⁺, Mg²⁺, and H⁺ could successfully predict the nickel toxicity to wheat root elongation and it performed better prediction than the conventional free ion activity model. In addition, the model was examined with two sets of independent experiments, which contained multiple cations and low-molecular-weight organic acids to mimic the rhizo-sphere condition. The developed t-BLM well predicted nickel toxicity in both experiments since it can account in both complexation and competition effects, suggesting its potential to be used in a complicated matrix like soil solution. This study provides direct evidence that the t-BLM is a reliable method for the risk assessment of nickel in terrestrial system.     

Toxicities and risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Taihu Lake, China, based on sediment quality guidelines

The occurrence, toxicities, and ecological risks of five heavy metals(Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn and Ni) in the sediment of Taihu Lake were investigated in this study. To evaluate the toxicities caused by the heavy metals, the toxicities induced by organic contaminants and ammonia in the sediments were screened out with activated carbon and zeolite. The toxicities of heavy metals in sediments were tested with benthic invertebrates(tubificid and chironomid).The correlations between toxicity of sediment and the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)derived previously were evaluated. There were significant correlations(p 0.0001) between the observed toxicities and the total risk quotients of the heavy metals based on SQGs,indicating that threshold effect level(TEL) and probable effect level(PEL) were reliable to predict the toxicities of heavy metals in the sediments of Taihu Lake. By contrast, the method based on acid volatile sulfides(AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals(SEM),such as ∑SEM/AVS and ∑SEM-AVS, did not show correlations with the toxicities. Moreover,the predictive ability of SQGs was confirmed by a total predicting accuracy of 77%. Ecological risk assessment based on TELs and PELs showed that the contaminations of Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn in the sediments of Taihu Lake were at relatively low or medium levels. The risks caused by heavy metals in the sediments of northern bay of the lake, which received more wastewater discharge from upper stream, were higher than other area of the lake.     

武汉市湖泊侵占现状分析与洪涝灾害

湖泊是集提供水源、补充地下水、调节径流、抵御洪涝灾害、改善微小气候等功能为一体的重要水域,是湿地的重要组成部分。分析武汉市湖泊侵占与洪涝灾害现状发现,武汉市湖泊侵占现状严重,面积锐减,从而影响了湖泊在防洪排涝体系中的重要作用,是造成了武汉市历年遭受特大洪涝灾害的原因之一。2016年的洪涝灾害应该进一步敲醒警钟,保护武汉市湖泊资源迫在眉睫。为政府决策部门、职能部门、科研机构保护武汉市湖泊资源提供依据。     

HAZOP分析在安全管理应用中的问题分析及对策探讨

介绍了HAZOP分析在高含硫气田开发生产中的应用情况,探讨了HAZOP分析方法在应用过程中存在的问题,提出了对策措施和建议。     

基于ALOHA软件模拟环氧丙烷储罐泄漏事故

环氧丙烷是一种高危险性的基本有机化工原料,储罐发生泄漏时会引发人员中毒、闪火、蒸气云爆炸、池火灾以及BLEVE等5类事故,采用ALOHA软件对这5类事故进了模拟计算,定量得出了各类事故的活性危害范围。其中,人员中毒和BLEVE火球热辐射的危害范围最大,其次是闪火和蒸气云爆炸,最后是池火灾。研究结果可以为环氧丙烷储罐泄漏事故救援提供有效的技术支持。